Is the Yen’s Weakness More Structural Now?

Components of the Current Account

The current account for Japan consists of the trade balance, the primary income balance, and the secondary income balance. The trade balance reflects the difference between exports and imports. The primary income balance reflects net flows in interest, dividends, and reinvested earnings generated from direct (e.g., factories) and financial investments. Finally, the secondary income balance reflects transfers that receive nothing in return, such as grants. Note that in this post, we will use the terms “primary income” and “primary income balance” interchangeably.

Karakama’s Theories

A current account surplus is usually driven by a positive trade balance, which in turn provides demand for the yen as foreign currency revenues from exports get converted. Thus, Japan’s large current account surplus should in theory offset the weakening due to the widened US-Japan interest rate differential.

However, the yen has remained weak, which supports the stock market but drives inflation higher. Theories about structural weakness in the yen are gaining traction in Japan, led by Mizuho Bank’s Chief Market Economist, Daisuke Karakama. His theories have recently been presented to the Ministry of Finance, which oversees Japan’s currency policy¹.

Sea Change

As the first graph shows, Japan’s current account is no longer being driven by the trade balance but by a record primary income balance – basically the net² dividends, interest, and reinvested earnings from foreign direct investment (FDI) and financial investments such as bonds, stocks, and loans. Meanwhile, for the past decade or so, the trade surplus has become a trade deficit, making Japan look more like a holding company of overseas assets than an exporter.

The contrast to China’s current account in the bottom half of the graph is also stunning. In most countries, the current account is driven by the trade balance, like China’s, not the primary income balance, like Japan’s. Compared to other nations, Japan’s primary income balance appears to be unusually large.

Primary Income Drivers

The driver of primary income has also changed. As the next graph shows, until about 10 years ago, Japan’s primary income had been driven by flows generated from financial investments. However, since then, the flows generated by FDI have surged, helped by a weak yen.

What is driving the FDI? According to the BOJ (Quarterly Review, August 2023), Japanese companies, led by the automobile sector, have increasingly shifted production, sales, and even exporting functions abroad from about 2014 onwards. For many years, some components of the current account are positively correlated with overseas automobile production.

Theories About the Yen’s Structural Weakness

If the current account is reporting record surpluses, should that not cause the yen to strengthen more? Perhaps not, for four³ reasons that look more structural than transitory:

1. Interest Rates:

A wider interest rate differential with the US has been an obvious driver of the weaker yen. However, it could remain wide, supported by sticky US inflation. Going forward, a possible Donald Trump presidency could also be inflationary via sweeping tariffs, changes to immigration policies, and tax cuts. According to former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers, “There has never been a presidential platform so self-evidently inflationary as the one put forward by President Trump.”⁴

2. The Karakama Reinvestment Theory:

The structure of Japan’s current account could mean that the yen remains weak, as much of the primary income’s dividends, interest, and reinvested earnings from abroad will not get converted into yen and instead get reinvested abroad, according to Karakama. Based on Karakama’s logic⁵, we made a “cashflow-adjusted” version of Japan’s current account, which shows a large deficit instead of a surplus (green line in the following graph). Deficits weaken demand for the yen.

3. NISA Expansion:

Tax-free NISA (Nippon Individual Savings Account) investment accounts have been expanded since January 2024, increasing flows to US stocks and other markets. The changes expanded both the “growth” account for individual stocks and investment funds, and the “tsumitate” or installment account for periodic investments into investment funds. The expansion not only supports the Karakama reinvestment theory, but it could also mean that there will be more periodic automated selling of the yen to purchase US stocks under the installment accounts. This selling will likely be insensitive to market fluctuations.

4. FAANG/GAFAM Digital Deficit:

A fourth reason for a weak yen is the “digital deficit” theory reported in the BOJ’s Quarterly Review dated August 2023. In the following graph, the blue bars show the “FAANG/GAFAM digital deficit” almost dominating Japan’s trade balance in services. It is reportedly driven by the fees paid to major tech companies for online ads, subscriptions, software, cloud storage, apps, music, and other services.

Conclusion

The yen may have become structurally weakened for four reasons: 1) the US-Japan rate differential, 2) the Karakama reinvestment theory about incoming flows getting reinvested abroad and not converted to yen, 3) automated selling of the yen for NISA installment accounts, and 4) the huge “FAANG digital deficit”. A structurally weak yen could lead to a more hawkish BOJ as it would drive inflation via imported food and energy and eventually boost wage growth. At the same time, it would provide a tailwind for Japanese stocks and tourism.